What Is An Image?

How can we define the image in the digital age? Can we (still) believe our eyes? What is underneath the image? As we will see in this course, these fundamental questions are not new within the history of media. Through the ages, the image has been questioned and redefined as image, surface, visual representation, index, etc. Philosopher Vilém Flusser once remarked that the composite essence of digital technology was already embedded in photography because the photographic image is an image composed of points, which the human eye synthesizes into an image. This course revisits Flusser’s notion of the “technical image” and proposes to rethink the image beyond its visual dimensions, from the perspectival image of the Renaissance to the AI-generated image of today. Instead of following a strict chronological path, we will delve into various theoretical debates on “what is an image?” – ranging from the binary image of textile to the haptic image of video art, from the technological image of the optical toy to the operational image of surveillance and warfare. Both mainstream and experimental films will be analyzed and discussed as critical interventions in the history of image technologies.